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package File::Which; use strict; use warnings; use Exporter (); use File::Spec (); # ABSTRACT: Perl implementation of the which utility as an API our $VERSION = '1.22'; # VERSION our @ISA = 'Exporter'; our @EXPORT = 'which'; our @EXPORT_OK = 'where'; use constant IS_VMS => ($^O eq 'VMS'); use constant IS_MAC => ($^O eq 'MacOS'); use constant IS_DOS => ($^O eq 'MSWin32' or $^O eq 'dos' or $^O eq 'os2'); use constant IS_CYG => ($^O eq 'cygwin' || $^O eq 'msys'); # For Win32 systems, stores the extensions used for # executable files # For others, the empty string is used # because 'perl' . '' eq 'perl' => easier my @PATHEXT = (''); if ( IS_DOS ) { # WinNT. PATHEXT might be set on Cygwin, but not used. if ( $ENV{PATHEXT} ) { push @PATHEXT, split ';', $ENV{PATHEXT}; } else { # Win9X or other: doesn't have PATHEXT, so needs hardcoded. push @PATHEXT, qw{.com .exe .bat}; } } elsif ( IS_VMS ) { push @PATHEXT, qw{.exe .com}; } elsif ( IS_CYG ) { # See this for more info # http://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/using-specialnames.html#pathnames-exe push @PATHEXT, qw{.exe .com}; } sub which { my ($exec) = @_; return undef unless defined $exec; return undef if $exec eq ''; my $all = wantarray; my @results = (); # check for aliases first if ( IS_VMS ) { my $symbol = `SHOW SYMBOL $exec`; chomp($symbol); unless ( $? ) { return $symbol unless $all; push @results, $symbol; } } if ( IS_MAC ) { my @aliases = split /\,/, $ENV{Aliases}; foreach my $alias ( @aliases ) { # This has not been tested!! # PPT which says MPW-Perl cannot resolve `Alias $alias`, # let's just hope it's fixed if ( lc($alias) eq lc($exec) ) { chomp(my $file = `Alias $alias`); last unless $file; # if it failed, just go on the normal way return $file unless $all; push @results, $file; # we can stop this loop as if it finds more aliases matching, # it'll just be the same result anyway last; } } } return $exec if !IS_VMS and !IS_MAC and !IS_DOS and $exec =~ /\// and -f $exec and -x $exec; my @path = File::Spec->path; if ( IS_DOS or IS_VMS or IS_MAC ) { unshift @path, File::Spec->curdir; } foreach my $base ( map { File::Spec->catfile($_, $exec) } @path ) { for my $ext ( @PATHEXT ) { my $file = $base.$ext; # We don't want dirs (as they are -x) next if -d $file; if ( # Executable, normal case -x _ or ( # MacOS doesn't mark as executable so we check -e IS_MAC || ( ( IS_DOS or IS_CYG ) and grep { $file =~ /$_\z/i } @PATHEXT[1..$#PATHEXT] ) # DOSish systems don't pass -x on # non-exe/bat/com files. so we check -e. # However, we don't want to pass -e on files # that aren't in PATHEXT, like README. and -e _ ) ) { return $file unless $all; push @results, $file; } } } if ( $all ) { return @results; } else { return undef; } } sub where { # force wantarray my @res = which($_[0]); return @res; } 1; __END__ =pod =encoding UTF-8 =head1 NAME File::Which - Perl implementation of the which utility as an API =head1 VERSION version 1.22 =head1 SYNOPSIS use File::Which; # exports which() use File::Which qw(which where); # exports which() and where() my $exe_path = which 'perldoc'; my @paths = where 'perl'; # Or my @paths = which 'perl'; # an array forces search for all of them =head1 DESCRIPTION L<File::Which> finds the full or relative paths to executable programs on the system. This is normally the function of C<which> utility. C<which> is typically implemented as either a program or a built in shell command. On some platforms, such as Microsoft Windows it is not provided as part of the core operating system. This module provides a consistent API to this functionality regardless of the underlying platform. The focus of this module is correctness and portability. As a consequence platforms where the current directory is implicitly part of the search path such as Microsoft Windows will find executables in the current directory, whereas on platforms such as UNIX where this is not the case executables in the current directory will only be found if the current directory is explicitly added to the path. If you need a portable C<which> on the command line in an environment that does not provide it, install L<App::pwhich> which provides a command line interface to this API. =head2 Implementations L<File::Which> searches the directories of the user's C<PATH> (the current implementation uses L<File::Spec#path> to determine the correct C<PATH>), looking for executable files having the name specified as a parameter to L</which>. Under Win32 systems, which do not have a notion of directly executable files, but uses special extensions such as C<.exe> and C<.bat> to identify them, C<File::Which> takes extra steps to assure that you will find the correct file (so for example, you might be searching for C<perl>, it'll try F<perl.exe>, F<perl.bat>, etc.) =head3 Linux, *BSD and other UNIXes There should not be any surprises here. The current directory will not be searched unless it is explicitly added to the path. =head3 Modern Windows (including NT, XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10 etc) Windows NT has a special environment variable called C<PATHEXT>, which is used by the shell to look for executable files. Usually, it will contain a list in the form C<.EXE;.BAT;.COM;.JS;.VBS> etc. If C<File::Which> finds such an environment variable, it parses the list and uses it as the different extensions. =head3 Cygwin Cygwin provides a Unix-like environment for Microsoft Windows users. In most ways it works like other Unix and Unix-like environments, but in a few key aspects it works like Windows. As with other Unix environments, the current directory is not included in the search unless it is explicitly included in the search path. Like on Windows, files with C<.EXE> or <.BAT> extensions will be discovered even if they are not part of the query. C<.COM> or extensions specified using the C<PATHEXT> environment variable will NOT be discovered without the fully qualified name, however. =head3 Windows 95, 98, ME, MS-DOS, OS/2 This set of operating systems don't have the C<PATHEXT> variable, and usually you will find executable files there with the extensions C<.exe>, C<.bat> and (less likely) C<.com>. C<File::Which> uses this hardcoded list if it's running under Win32 but does not find a C<PATHEXT> variable. As of 2015 none of these platforms are tested frequently (or perhaps ever), but the current maintainer is determined not to intentionally remove support for older operating systems. =head3 VMS Same case as Windows 9x: uses C<.exe> and C<.com> (in that order). As of 2015 the current maintainer does not test on VMS, and is in fact not certain it has ever been tested on VMS. If this platform is important to you and you can help me verify and or support it on that platform please contact me. =head1 FUNCTIONS =head2 which my $path = which $short_exe_name; my @paths = which $short_exe_name; Exported by default. C<$short_exe_name> is the name used in the shell to call the program (for example, C<perl>). If it finds an executable with the name you specified, C<which()> will return the absolute path leading to this executable (for example, F</usr/bin/perl> or F<C:\Perl\Bin\perl.exe>). If it does I<not> find the executable, it returns C<undef>. If C<which()> is called in list context, it will return I<all> the matches. =head2 where my @paths = where $short_exe_name; Not exported by default. Same as L</which> in array context. Same as the C<where> utility, will return an array containing all the path names matching C<$short_exe_name>. =head1 CAVEATS This module has no non-core requirements for Perl 5.6.2 and better. This module is fully supported back to Perl 5.8.1. It may work on 5.8.0. It should work on Perl 5.6.x and I may even test on 5.6.2. I will accept patches to maintain compatibility for such older Perls, but you may need to fix it on 5.6.x / 5.8.0 and send me a patch. Not tested on VMS although there is platform specific code for those. Anyone who haves a second would be very kind to send me a report of how it went. =head1 SUPPORT Bugs should be reported via the GitHub issue tracker L<https://github.com/plicease/File-Which/issues> For other issues, contact the maintainer. =head1 SEE ALSO =over 4 =item L<pwhich>, L<App::pwhich> Command line interface to this module. =item L<IPC::Cmd> Comes with a C<can_run> function with slightly different semantics that the traditional UNIX where. It will find executables in the current directory, even though the current directory is not searched for by default on Unix. =item L<Devel::CheckBin> This module purports to "check that a command is available", but does not provide any documentation on how you might use it. =back =head1 AUTHORS =over 4 =item * Per Einar Ellefsen <pereinar@cpan.org> =item * Adam Kennedy <adamk@cpan.org> =item * Graham Ollis <plicease@cpan.org> =back =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE This software is copyright (c) 2002 by Per Einar Ellefsen <pereinar@cpan.org>. This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself. =cut
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